View source for Draft:Succession Box

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{{Guideline|content guideline|BTW:SBS/G|BTW:SBSGUIDE|G:SBS}}

The following '''guidelines''' regard the proper usage and formatting of succession boxes throughout Wikipedia. This includes the handling of headers, titles, succession lists, and references, as well as the orders of listing and other style issues. For information about the mechanics of succession boxes and instructions for their creation, please see the [[Template:S-start|Documentation page]]. <!-- For a continuously growing list of offices tracked by succession boxes, see the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Offices|Offices page]]. --> For a complete list of the succession templates currently tracked by this project, see the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Templates|Templates page]].

== Terms to know ==

* ''succession box'' – A table that lists notable titles, awards and other honours held by the subject of the page (usually an individual), all of which have the common characteristic that they pass from one holder to another.
* ''succession chain'' – A set of individuals or organisations linked together by the passage of a specific title, award, etc. from all of them. By extension, the term may apply to the articles on these individuals or organisations.
* ''succession line'' – A single row of a succession box, consisting of a predecessor cell, a title cell and a successor cell (usually created by templates ''s-bef'', ''s-ttl'' and ''s-aft'' respectively).
* ''header'' – A coloured bar bearing a title and placed above one or more lines within the succession box. Headers categorise succession lines into thematic groups.
* ''pipe'' – The pipe character ("|") separates parameters from the template name and from one another. It is also necessary for [[Wikipedia:Piped link|pipe-linking]].

== General ==

The following guidelines apply to succession boxes of all types, unless noted otherwise.

=== Inclusion of images ===

Images should not be included in succession boxes for any reason, due to standardisation concerns and the potential for problems in their proper display within the boxes. Editors are urged to remove images from any succession boxes in which they encounter them.

=== Links ===

The names of predecessors and successors to titles should be wiki-linked to their respective Wikipedia articles. Even in cases where there is no article for a person, creating the appropriate [[Wikipedia:Red link|red link]] may spur the creation of the missing article and is therefore desirable. Care should be taken to ensure that a link leads to the person referred to in the box, rather than someone else or a [[Wikipedia:Disambiguation|disambiguation page]]—misleading links often appear when a predecessor/successor has no article of their own but shares a name with someone who does.

The title or office of a succession row should also be linked to its respective article, if one exists. Such an article will often describe the title and its functions or history and provide a list of its holders (e.g. [[Federal Chancellor of Switzerland]]). In cases where this list is separate from the article (e.g. [[Lord Mayor of London]] and [[List of Lord Mayors of London]]), the link should preferably lead to the list, to allow readers to bridge gaps in the succession chain where articles on specific holders do not exist. (Also, in most cases the article on the title will have already been linked to in the body of the text.)

Conversely, where the title is covered not in a separate article but in a section of one with a wider subject, link to the section: it is better to write "[[University of Birmingham#Chancellors|Chancellor of the University of Birmingham]]" (<code><nowiki>[[University of Birmingham#Chancellors|Chancellor of the University of Birmingham]]</nowiki></code>) than "[[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of the [[University of Birmingham]]" (<code><nowiki>[[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of the [[University of Birmingham]]</nowiki></code>). Such links may be affected if the target section is renamed, so it may be useful to create the full title as a redirect to the section and then link to the redirect in the succession box; this way, only the redirect will need to be updated in case of changes.

If there is no specific coverage of the title in Wikipedia at all, try to link to the next most relevant article, for example "CEO of [[General Motors]]".

For the linking of dates, [[#Formatting|see below]].

=== Years and dates ===

The time period for which a person has held a title is filled in the "years" field of the central cell of each succession line, and it appears right below the title itself. Dates reflect the ''de facto'' acquisition of a title, generally either the assumption of power (in the case of an office) or the death of the subject's predecessor (when the title is hereditary, as in noble and regnal successions).

Like all information in an article, dates should be attributed to a reliable source. There is usually little need for citations within the succession box itself, because the information is repeated either from elsewhere in the article or from the title's article or list. Where a date is mentioned only in the box, however, the ''s-ref'' template should be used so that the date can be cited. Special care should be taken for full dates, where mistakes or inconsistencies are easier to occur; full dates may be written so long as it is possible to find reliable information for the entire chain of succession or at least a large part thereof. Writing full dates for one holder and plain years for another should be avoided.

Within each thematic group of succession boxes (i.e. those boxes under a single header), the boxes should be ordered chronologically: the earlier offices held are to be listed before the later offices held. For terms of office which started simultaneously, place first the one which ended the earliest.

==== Formatting ====

In the overwhelming majority of succession lines, the time period for which a title has been held is given as a range of plain years (e.g., ''1973–1975''). However, as mentioned above, it is possible to give full dates (e.g., ''September 9, 1909 – October 10, 1910''). There are two ways to write dates in Wikipedia articles: the so-called International format (''DD Month YYYY'') and US format (''Month DD, YYYY''). The format used in a succession box should reflect the dominant style of the nation of the office or title, as per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)#Full date formatting|Wikipedia Manual of Style guidelines]]. When a time period has not finished but is ongoing, write the word "present" instead of the end date, lower-case and without any special formatting (e.g., ''2007–present'' or ''14 November 2007 – present'').

As can be seen in the examples above, the connector in all date ranges is the [[en-dash]], which can be written either in code (''&amp;ndash;'') or simply as – (Windows: ''Alt+0150''; MacOS: ''option + -''). This character should not be confused with the shorter [[hyphen]] ("-") nor with the longer [[em-dash]] ("—"). En-dashes are not flanked by spaces when connecting plain years, but they should be spaced when either or both connected elements contain spaces, as in the case of full dates or dates BC (''see the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Dashes|Manual of Style's section on dashes]]'').

For periods beginning and ending within a single year, where full dates are given, the date range should include the year twice (e.g., ''7 March 1980 – 31 August 1980'' rather than ''7 March – 31 August 1980''). On the other hand, if no dates are given, the year should be mentioned just once (e.g., ''1886'' rather than ''1886–1886''). The same applies for certain categories of succession lines (such as electoral candidacies, awards and sporting distinctions) which concern regular events rather than continuous periods of time.

A particular subset of these is when the subject holds the same title for two or more consecutive times, in which case a single succession line is used (instead of giving each instance its own line and citing the subject as their own predecessor/successor). All the years are given in the same "years" field, separated from each other by commas (e.g., ''1991, 1992'' for an annual event or ''2000, 2004, 2008'' for an event occurring every four years). There are also two types of succession line which do not require any dates at all: lines of succession (to a throne or presidency) and orders of precedence. If you encounter one of those, simply leave the "years" parameter empty or omit it altogether.

When a date cannot be found, write the word "unknown" in its place, lower-case and without any formatting (e.g., ''unknown – 410 BC''). For approximate dates, use "c." (''see [[circa]]'') according to the instructions of the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Dates of birth and death|Manual of Style on dates and numbers]]. Although dates are not normally wiki-linked, certain exceptions are made where links can offer additional information to the reader; the most basic exception is that election dates under the header ''s-par'' should link to the articles for the respective elections (''see the [[#Parliamentary seats (s-par)|relevant section]] for details'').
<!-- Dates listed in a succession line that regards something ''other'' than the subject should be listed only with the years (no days or months) and should never be wikilinked. (This regards especially "with", "alongside" and "regent" parameters found in ''s-ttl''.) -->

== Titles ==

''The following guidelines regard titles as they appear in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Templates#Core Templates|core templates]] within succession boxes.''

=== Peers and nobility ===

All peers should be referred to by their titles, not their names. Full titles are used, rather than the shortened forms ''Lord/Lady X''—which, among other things, can be confused with courtesy baronies (see below).

The appropriate format for holders of [[substantive title]]s is "The [''rank''] (of) [''name of title'']", as in the following two examples:

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool|The Earl of Liverpool]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]|years=10 April 1827 – 8 August 1827}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Frederick John Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich|The Viscount Goderich]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Elizabeth Russell, Duchess of Bedford|The Duchess of Bedford]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mistress of the Robes]]|years=1883–1885}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Louisa Montagu Douglas Scott, Duchess of Buccleuch|The Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry]]}}
{{s-end}}

If two or more different peers with the same title are named in a succession box—even if not in the same succession row—then the titles ought to be disambiguated by the addition of a numeral, as in the following example:

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke|The 2nd Earl of Pembroke]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Lord Lieutenant of Wiltshire]]|years=1601–1621}}
{{s-aft|after=[[William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke|The 3rd Earl of Pembroke]]}}
{{s-end}}

: ''Note: It is possible that a peer with the same title as the article's subject will be named in a succession box. As long as there is only one such peer in the box, there is no need to disambiguate their title with a numeral; in the extremely rare occasions when the subject itself is mentioned in a succession box, the usual styling conventions outlined here do not apply to it. In other words, only disambiguate between people mentioned with the same title within the succession box.''

Unless they hold substantive titles of their own, the eldest sons of dukes, marquesses and earls may use one of their father's titles [[Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom|by courtesy]]; this way they are addressed as peers, although they remain commoners. The style for a courtesy peer lacks the definite article ''the'' and is "[''rank''] (of) [''name of title'']", as in the following example:

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Charles Bennet, 5th Earl of Tankerville|Lord Ossulston]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Treasurer of the Household]]|years=1807–1812}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Robert Jocelyn, 3rd Earl of Roden|Viscount Jocelyn]]}}
{{s-end}}

In lieu of a courtesy title, the younger sons (i.e., all but the eldest) of dukes and marquesses receive the honorific prefix ''[[Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom#Courtesy prefix of "Lord"|Lord]]'' before their full name. Correspondingly, daughters of dukes, marquesses and earls receive the prefix ''[[Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom#Courtesy prefix of "Lady"|Lady]]'' before their forename and surname. For example:

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Lord George Cavendish (died 1794)|Lord George Cavendish]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Comptroller of the Household]]|years=1762–1763}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Lord Charles Spencer]]}}
{{s-end}}

: ''Note: Although the definite article "the" is sometimes used with the honorific prefixes "Lord" and "Lady", this should not be included in succession boxes.''

The wives of peers, courtesy peers and sons of peers use similar styles with those of their husbands; please consult appropriate reliable sources for the exact styles, keeping in mind the conventions listed above for the individual elements of the styles.

This section does not apply to the names in succession lines for peerage titles themselves (see the [[#Peers and noblemen (s-reg)|relevant section]] lower in the page for details).

=== Baronets and knights ===

[[Baronet (noble title)|Baronetcies]] are a hereditary British honour ranking in precedence between peers and knights. The appropriate style for baronets is "Sir [''forename surname''], Bt", and that for baronetesses is "Dame [''forename surname''], Btss", as in the following example:

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Sir John Gilmour, 2nd Baronet|Sir John Gilmour, Bt]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Home Secretary]]|years=1935–1937}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|Sir Samuel Hoare, Bt]]}}
{{s-end}}

: ''Note: "Bt" and "Btss" are correctly written without a full stop.''

Like with peers, if two or more different baronets with the same name are given in a succession box, then they ought to be disambiguated by the addition of a numeral. In this case the post-nominals ''Bt'' and ''Btss'' are expanded to ''Baronet'' and ''Baronetess'' respectively, as in the following example:

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet|Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet]]<br />[[William Yates Peel]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Tamworth (UK Parliament constituency)|Member of Parliament for Tamworth]]|with=[[Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet|Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Bt]] 1847–1850|with2=[[Sir Robert Peel, 3rd Baronet|Sir Robert Peel, 3rd Bt]] 1850–1855|years=1847–1855}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sir Robert Peel, 3rd Baronet|Sir Robert Peel, 3rd Baronet]]<br />[[John Townshend, 5th Marquess Townshend|Viscount Raynham]]}}
{{s-end}}

Knights also should be referred to by their names, preceded by "Sir" for male knights or "Dame" for female knights—unless they are Ladies of the Garter or Ladies of the Thistle, in which case the appropriate prefix is "Lady". For example:

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley|Sir John Anderson]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chancellor of the Exchequer]]|years=1945–1947}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Stafford Cripps|Sir Stafford Cripps]]}}
{{s-end}}

This section does not apply to the names in succession lines for baronetcies themselves (see the [[#Baronets (s-reg)|relevant section]] lower in the page for details).

=== General guidelines regarding titles ===

Remember to pipe-link the names to the correct article titles which, in cases of peers and baronets, are almost always dissimilar from the format demonstrated here.

: ''Note: When viewing a page, one may see what the correct article title for a person in a succession box is by leaving the cursor on the link without clicking on it and waiting for a few seconds until the label with the name appears. In Wikipedia, this is known as "hovering". Hovering allows one to find out whether a person is featured in a succession box multiple times under different names or titles, or, conversely, whether different persons appear with the same name.''

When a noble passes down, or succeeds to, an office, they should be named in the succession box with the title they held at that time of ascension.

In the following example, Fox Maule had no titles until he inherited the barony of Panmure in 1852, while Charles Wood was only a baronet until he was created Viscount Halifax in 1866.

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Fox Maule Ramsay, 11th Earl of Dalhousie|Fox Maule]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of the Board of Control]]|years=1852}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax|Sir Charles Wood]]}}
{{s-end}}

Likewise, a baronet/baronetess should not have the prefix "Sir"/"Dame" in succession boxes before their succession to the baronetcy, and a knight should not receive the prefix "Sir"/"Dame"/"Lady" before they are awarded the knighthood. The same naturally applies to the wives of male title-holders, as their own names and styles are also affected.

If a monarch inherits a title, it often merges into the crown. If it does not, the monarch should be mentioned in the succession box by their name and ordinal. If they were not on the throne at the time of the succession, they should be written with the title they held then; below the name add in small lettering the phrase:

: <nowiki><br /><small>'''later became<br />King/Queen [name] [ordinal]''</small></nowiki>

as in the following example:

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales|Edward of Middleham,<br />Prince of Wales]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prince of Wales]]|years=1486 – 1502}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Henry VIII of England|Henry, Duke of York]]<br /><small>''later became<br />King Henry VIII''</small>}}
{{s-end}}

In the event that a title becomes over-long, include a <nowiki><br /></nowiki> somewhere in the middle of the title to shift the second portion down a line. This allows the succession line to feel more balanced. In some cases, a second break may be necessary.

[[List of post-nominal letters|Post-nominal letters]] are not to be included in succession boxes under any circumstance except for the aforementioned special case of baronets/baronetesses and the succession boxes for orders of precedence. Social titles like "Mr", "Mrs", "Miss", and "Ms" are likewise excluded, as are professional titles like "Prof." and "Dr".

==Headers and parameters==

===General guidelines===

The headers currently managed by this project are divided into the following three classes:

* '''offices''' – their holders are elected or appointed;
* '''hereditary titles''' – their holders inherit their title(s) from their ancestors;
* '''distinctions''' – not actual offices or regular succession chains, but rather lists of holders changing at fixed time periods.

Each succession line may have only one header above it, despite the fact that some titles may merit multiple headers. In the event that multiple headers qualify for a title, choose the most appropriate. For example, President of the United States may qualify as a military position, by virtue of its holder's status as commander in chief of the US Armed Forces; however, it is above all else an elected leadership position, and thus falls under the "Political offices" header.

Each header should be used no more than once in a succession box, and all succession lines of a similar nature should go under a single header, irrespective of overall chronological or other orders.

The order of the various headers (which is to say, the order of the various office/title categories) in any succession box is not fixed. It is generally subject to editorial discretion, although a few rules of thumb apply:

# Public offices are normally given precedence over posts in the private sector (e.g. non-profit, media and business positions). Furthermore, offices associated with political power are often placed higher than non-political positions (such as civic, academic and heraldic offices), and the subject's most powerful posts may be placed at the top. Alternatively, the posts for which the subject is most well-known may occupy the first position in a succession box. In any case, such distinctions are not always drawn, and the order is usually partly or fully chronological within the sub-set of offices, with the following two exceptions:
#* The header "Other offices" (''s-other'') is used as a catch-all for offices which do not fit in the other headers, and therefore comes last out of all office-related headers.
#* Honorary offices (''s-hon'') are placed after all offices which wield substantial authority. This means they may come before or after "Other offices", depending on the offices listed in each of these two headers.
# Hereditary honours (peerage, baronetage, etc.) always follow offices, and are normally low in the table. However, hereditary regnal titles (''s-reg''), such as for heads of state, normally precede all other titles in a succession box; royal titles (''s-roy'') tend to follow regnal titles.
# [[Order of precedence|Orders of precedence]] (''s-prec'') indicate a living subject's precedence in a given country, and should be used only where formal rules of precedence exist.
# Titles in [[Pretender|pretence]] (''s-pre'') are not recognised by the vast majority of the people to whom they are supposed to apply, and therefore rank low in the list.
# Distinctions include three categories, namely awards (''s-awards''), sporting positions (''s-sports'') and records (''s-record''), of which records are normally listed last.

Honorary titles may be difficult to determine, given that most such titles were once substantive. Honorary titles held concurrently with other titles (e.g. [[Duke of Cornwall]] and [[Duke of Rothesay]] for [[Prince of Wales]]) are not necessary to list. The only exception is when these titles were not always held together by the same individual, in which case they should be listed separately only for the period when they were held by different people, and shown to merge into (or split from) the higher title as applicable.

In groups of headers specialised by region or type, like those for parliamentary seats, the same template is used but it is disambiguated with a parameter. For example, the undifferenced ''s-par'' header reads "Assembly seats", but different parameters can produce headers like "Parliament of Canada", "Folketinget" or "Lok Sabha". The parameter is added after the template and separated by it with a pipe, in the format <nowiki>{{</nowiki>''template''|''parameter''<nowiki>}}</nowiki>. Headers produced by different parameters of the same template share a single colour and theme, but their text and overall result is unique. Therefore, they are considered separate and individual headers for the purposes of the rule on using headers only once per succession box.

===Offices===

:''This category, the largest of the three, includes various offices, the incumbents of which were either appointed or elected to their positions. These offices are or were usually connected to a certain amount of power, although in most cases the extent of this power has fluctuated through time, and has sometimes been lost altogether at one point or another in their history.''

:''After categorised under their respective headers, succession lines for offices should be placed in ascending chronological order; this way the subject's career can be seen more clearly.''

:''Please note that the order of the sections that follow slightly deviates from the proper order that headers should have in succession boxes, which is given in the previous section.''

==== Parliamentary seats ([[Template:S-par|s-par]]) ====

''S-par'' regards seats in legislatures. This includes both current and historic bodies, national and regional.

This template requires the use of a parameter to function properly. Although simply writing <nowiki>{{s-par}}</nowiki> will result in an "Assembly seats" header, it is too vague and is thus not encouraged. For a list of parameters, see [[Template:S-par]].

===== Parliaments of England, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom =====

The parliaments of England and Great Britain were, and the Parliament of the United Kingdom is, bicameral. The [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] is a democratically elected chamber and falls under the header of ''s-par''. The [[House of Lords]] is partly hereditary and partly appointed, but never elected and thus does not qualify for the ''s-par'' header. Templates ''s-reg'' and ''s-rel'' should be used for members of the House of Lords, with a label to indicate that they were in the Lords (see the [[Template:S-start#Lords|Documentation page]] for details). Note that Life Peers are not entitled to succession boxes for their peerage at all, as it is not inherited.

Members of Parliament for a given constituency in England before 1707, in England or Scotland from 1707 to 1801, and in the United Kingdom after 1801, should have the correct header above the succession box for that constituency.

Members of Parliament who served for one constituency before one of those dates and another (or the same, non-consecutively) after that date should have headers for both Parliaments, but each header should only appear once. Example: a person serving in the Parliament of England for constituency 1 and the Parliament of Great Britain for constituencies 2 and 3 should have the following templates, in this order: s-par|en, succession (1), s-par|gb, succession (2), succession (3). (Note that the order of the parliament headers should be ascending chronological, with England coming first, followed by Great Britain and then by the United Kingdom.)

Members of Parliament consecutively serving for a single constituency in multiple Parliaments should have the header of the later Parliament. Example: a Member of Parliament representing an English constituency from 1689 until 1710 should have that succession box placed under an ''s-par|gb'' header.

In constituencies which returned multiple members, all predecessors and successors should be listed, using the parameters <code>before2=</code>&nbsp;/ <code>after2=</code>, <code>before3=</code>&nbsp;/ <code>after3=</code>, etc. Members of Parliament simultaneously representing the constituency should be listed using the parameters <code>with=</code>, <code>with2=</code>, <code>with3=</code>, etc. If one of the other members represented the constituency throughout the length of the subject's term, the date range may be omitted; otherwise, the years between which that member served should appear after the member's name.

When a Member of Parliament is the first or last to represent a particular incarnation of a constituency because it has just been created or abolished, different templates should be used. For newly created constituencies, replace the ''s-bef'' template with ''s-new'', using the proper parameter as well: <nowiki>{{s-new|constituency}}</nowiki>. For abolished constituencies, replace the ''s-aft'' template with ''s-non'' and in the reason field write "Constituency abolished".

Years should be wikilinked to the election at which a given Member of Parliament was elected to the seat, or at which a successor was chosen, e.g. [[United Kingdom general election, 1983|1983]] – [[Borchester by-election, 1990|1989]]. Note that in the second example the Member of Parliament ceased to represent the constituency in 1989 (due to death), but the successor was not chosen until 1990, in a by-election.

: ''For lists of elections in the United Kingdom see [[United Kingdom general elections]] and [[List of UK by-elections]].''

: ''Here follows a fictional example that showcases several of the above standards (names and dates have not been linked). Writing...''

:<nowiki>{{s-start}}</nowiki>
:<nowiki>{{s-par|gb}}</nowiki>
:<nowiki>{{s-bef |before=Richard Roe |before2=Lord Sunway}}</nowiki>
:<nowiki>{{s-ttl |title=[[Member of Parliament]] for [[Swevenham (UK Parliament constituency|]] |with=Richard Roe 1689–1700 |with2=Thomas Atkins 1700–1710 |years=1689 – 1710}}</nowiki>
:<nowiki>{{s-non |reason=Constituency abolished}}</nowiki>
:<nowiki>{{s-new |constituency}}</nowiki>
:<nowiki>{{s-ttl |title=[[Member of Parliament]] for [[Higham (UK Parliament constituency|]] |with=Thomas Atkins |years=1689 – 1710}}</nowiki>
:<nowiki>{{s-aft |after=Thomas Atkins |after2=Richard Teague}}</nowiki>
:<nowiki>{{s-end}}</nowiki>

: ''...will produce this:''

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{s-bef |before=Richard Roe |before2=Lord Sunway}}
{{s-ttl |title=[[Member of Parliament]] for [[Swevenham (UK Parliament constituency)|Swevenham]] |with=Richard Roe 1689–1700 |with2=Thomas Atkins 1700–1710 |years=1689–1710}}
{{s-non |reason=Constituency abolished}}
{{s-new |constituency}}
{{s-ttl |title=[[Member of Parliament]] for [[Higham (UK Parliament constituency)|Higham]] |with=Thomas Atkins |years=1710–1715}}
{{s-aft |after=Thomas Atkins |after2=Richard Teague}}
{{s-end}}

===== Other =====

Legislative positions in the US should be listed chronologically, beginning with the first elected title and continuing down to the last. If an individual was elected to a position in another legislative body, that title should be below a new header reflecting the change.

====Political offices ([[Template:S-off|s-off]])====

:::''Under this header may be placed all sorts of offices that are political in nature. Most of these offices are senior positions in the government of a country, and those with significant power are usually elected. Such offices usually belong to the following categories:''

:::* Elected heads of state, e.g. Presidents (U.S.A., France, Germany, Ireland, etc.)
:::** Elected monarchs, e.g. the monarch of Malaysia
:::* Heads of government
:::** Elected heads of government, e.g. Prime Ministers (U.K.), Chancellors (Germany), etc.
:::** Appointed heads of government (e.g. the French Prime Minister)
:::** Mayors (e.g. the Mayor of Washington, D.C.)
:::* Ministers, Secretaries of State (U.S. / U.K.), Cabinet members (U.S. Secretaries of ...)
:::**For [[United States Attorney General]], this is a political office from 1870 and afterward.
:::* Elected Governors, e.g. those of U.S. states (for appointed Governors, e.g. those of Australian states, see ''s-gov'')
:::* Political offices of Parliament, including and not restricted to: Speaker of the House of Commons and Lord Speaker (in the UK), Speaker of the House of Representatives and Vice President of the United States (in the USA), etc.

:::''For political offices within party structures (like Party Leaders and Whips), see ''s-ppo''.''

====Government offices ([[Template:S-gov|s-gov]])====

:::''This category includes a multitude of notable government officials whose positions are or were non-political. No elected officials should be placed under this header; they should be assigned to ''s-off'' (political offices) instead. Offices below this header include, but are not limited to:''

:::*Appointed Governors (e.g. Governors of Australian states, the Governor-General of Canada, etc.)
:::*Civil servants (e.g. permanent secretaries, private secretaries, etc.)
:::*MI5/MI6/GCHQ (and other intelligence service) officers who were not serving officers in the armed forces (in that case see ''s-mil'')
:::*Non-political offices of Parliament (e.g. the Clerk of the Parliaments, the Clerk of the House of Commons, the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod, etc.)

====Honorary offices ([[Template:S-hon|s-hon]])====

:::a. These are offices that are not associated with any power, either because they were always intended to be honorary or ceremonial, or because they used to be positions of authority but lost it at some point of their history. Some of the offices now considered honorary are:

:::*Custos Rotulorum (after the [[English Interregnum]]; prior to that it was political)
:::*Lord Lieutenant (as above)
:::*Most offices pertaining to orders of knighthood

:::b. If there is a strong ambiguity over whether a title is honorary or still holds some power, it should have a ''s-gov'' header.

:::c. More can be found in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Offices|Offices page]].

====Court offices ([[Template:S-court|s-court]])====

:::''These are appointments in royal courts. They include:''

:::*Private Secretary to the Sovereign
:::*Keeper of the Privy Purse
:::*Lord Warden of the Stannaries
:::*Page of Honour

====Party political offices ([[Template:S-ppo|s-ppo]])====

:::''These are offices that are part of the mechanisms of political parties. They include:''

:::*Party leaders/chairmen
:::*Whips
:::*Party candidates for the Presidency of the United States, France, etc.
:::*Chairpersons of the Democratic and Republican National Committees (United States)

:::''Only important positions in major parties should be given succession boxes.''

====Legal offices ([[Template:S-legal|s-legal]])====

:::''These include positions of power, whose common element is that they deal with the legal system of their respective countries. Such offices include:''

:::*Solicitors general
:::*Attorneys general (in countries where this is not a political office)
:::**For [[United States Attorney General]], this is a legal office from 1789 until 1870.
:::*District attorneys
:::*Chief judges and justices
:::*Directors of public prosecutions

====Diplomatic posts ([[Template:S-dip|s-dip]])====

:::These are posts in diplomatic missions of various countries. This should not include the most senior foreign minister resident in the country (i.e. US Secretary of State, Foreign Minister, etc.) as they are considered political offices.  Thus, the most high-ranking officials include:

:::*Ambassadors
:::*High Commissioners (Commonwealth of Nations)
:::*Consuls-general

====Religious titles ([[Template:S-rel|s-rel]])====

:::a. Religious offices are those whose duties are restricted to religious matters, having originated from, or being intimately connected to, a certain religion. There are specialised headers for the various religions; the parameters (italicised) and the resulting headers (in bold) follow in the list below:

:::*''ac'' for '''Anglican Communion titles'''
:::*''bu'' for '''Buddhist titles'''
:::*''ca'' for '''Catholic Church titles'''
:::*''en'' for '''Church of England titles'''
:::*''or'' for '''Orthodox Church titles'''
:::*''is'' for '''Islamic titles'''
:::*''jw'' for '''Jewish titles'''
:::*''mo'' for '''Church of Latter Day Saints titles'''
:::*''sc'' for '''Church of Scotland titles'''
:::*''sh'' for '''Shia-Islam titles'''
:::*''su'' for '''Sunni Islam titles'''

:::b. If no parameter is given (thus simply writing <nowiki>{{s-rel}}</nowiki>), the resulting header will read '''Religious titles'''.

:::c. Only important titles and positions should be tracked by succession boxes. For example, this includes: abbots, archbishops, bishops, cardinals, denominational heads, popes and patriarchs in the Christian religion, and imams and caliphs in the Islamic religion.

====Military offices ([[Template:S-mil|s-mil]])====

:::a. These are positions of authority within the military, including army, navy, marine and air force offices. These offices must both be important and constitute succession chains that fulfil the criteria of this WikiProject. Examples include:

:::*Commanderships-in-chief (only when separate from the head-of-state)
:::*Chief of staff positions such as Chief of the General Staff or Chief of the Air Staff
:::*Colonelcies of regiments
:::*Offices of the Board of Ordnance

:::b. Military ranks do not form succession chains, and as a result they are not included here.

====Civic offices ([[Template:S-civ|s-civ]])====

:::a. These are positions within [[civil government]]. Falling under this category are posts in the police, fire, and medical services, and parameters are used to create these three specialised headers. The parameters (italicised) and the resulting headers (in bold) follow in the list below:

:::*''pol'' is for '''Police appointments'''
:::*''fir'' is for '''Fire appointments'''
:::*''med'' is for '''Medical appointments'''

:::b. If no parameter is given (thus simply writing <nowiki>{{s-civ}}</nowiki>), the resulting header will read '''Civic offices'''.

====Academic offices ([[Template:S-aca|s-aca]])====

:::''These are senior posts in major academic institutions, including:''

:::*University rectors, chancellors, provosts, presidents, and deans
:::*Headteachers and headmasters of schools and colleges

====Educational offices ([[Template:S-edu|s-edu]])====

:::''These are senior positions in important educational organisations, including:''

:::*Heads of significant non-political councils, companies, authorities, and unions related to education

====Cultural offices ([[Template:S-culture|s-culture]])====

:::''These are important positions in prestigious cultural institutions, including:''

:::*Chairmen and curators of major museums
:::*Managers of famous theatres
:::*Heads of important organisations, institutions, unions, and companies related to culture
:::**President of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

====Heraldic offices ([[Template:S-herald|s-herald]])====

:::''These are positions connected to heraldic authorities around the world, including the [[College of Arms]] (for the United Kingdom except Scotland, as well as for several Commonwealth countries), the [[Court of the Lord Lyon]] (for Scotland), and the [[Canadian Heraldic Authority]] (for Canada). The senior heraldic offices are:''

:::*Kings of Arms
:::**Garter Principal King of Arms
:::**Clarenceux King of Arms
:::**Norroy and Ulster King of Arms
:::**Lyon King of Arms
:::*Heralds
:::**Heralds in Ordinary
:::**Heralds Extraordinary

::::''Note: This header is only supposed to be used for strictly heraldic offices—for offices connected to orders of knighthood, please use ''s-hon''.''

====Non-profit positions ([[Template:S-npo|s-npo]])====

:::a. These are positions in non-profit organisations, including, amongst others, charities and labour unions. There are specialised headers for some types of non-profit organisations; the parameters (italicised) and the resulting headers (in bold) follow in the list below:

:::*''scout'' for '''Scouting'''
:::*''waggs'' for '''World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts'''
:::*''wosm'' for '''World Organization of the Scout Movement'''
:::*''bsa'' for '''Boy Scouts of America'''
:::*''gsusa'' for '''Girl Scouts of the USA'''
:::*''tsa'' for '''The Scout Association'''
:::*''tbsa'' for '''The Boy Scouts Association'''
:::*''pro'' for '''Professional and academic associations''' (e.g. the president of the American Society of Civil Engineers, the Linnaean Society, the Bar Association)
:::*"union" for '''Trade union offices'''

:::b. If no parameter is given (thus simply writing <nowiki>{{s-npo}}</nowiki>), the resulting header will read '''Non-profit organization positions'''.

====Media offices ([[Template:S-media|s-media]])====

:::a. These are posts in the mass media. They are based in the following areas:

:::*''TV and Radio'', in which case they include posts such as directors-general, controllers, and others
:::*''Magazines and Newspapers'', in which case posts may include editors-in-chief, owners, etc.

:::b. Both the media in question and the posts within their ranks should be of a certain notability.

====Business positions ([[Template:S-bus|s-bus]])====

:::''These include high-ranking posts in major corporations, such as:''

:::*Chairman/president/manager
:::*Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
:::*Presidents of professional sports teams

====Positions in intergovernmental organisations ([[Template:S-intgov|s-intgov]])====

:::''These include high-ranking posts in intergovernmental organizations.''

====Other offices ([[Template:S-other|s-other]])====

:::This tag should be used if it is unclear to which area an office can be charged or a correct area does not exist yet. For this reason it should be checked on [[Special:Whatlinkshere/Template:S-other]] from time to time, where the tag comes to application. Following a choice of the present uses:

:::*With the ''line'' parameter for '''Lines of succession''' to non-royal title (e.g. the President of the United States)
:::*Chairman/president/manager of (''CND / National Coal Board'')
<!-- other examples to be added in time -->

::::''Note: if the offices in a succession box all belong to this category, the header should not be used as there will be no other offices from which these can be distinguished.''

===Hereditary titles===

:''This category encompasses all important hereditary titles except for those already covered by ''s-off'' and ''s-gov'': monarchs, peers and noblemen, and baronets.''

====General guidelines====

:::a. Hereditary titles regard '''only''' ''inheritors'', ''those whose titles were inherited'', or ''titles that may be inherited''.

:::b. Titles should be listed below their appropriate headers for the country in which the hereditary title exists. Thus, "Steward of York" should be below the "Peerage of England" header, while "Duke of Aquitaine" should be below the "Nobility of France" header. This provides for better subdivision of the succession box and better understanding of the countries involved.

:::c. The order of titles within their correct categories and under their appropriate headers is analysed separately in each of the following sections.

====Monarchs ([[Template:S-reg|s-reg]])====

:::a. For regnal titles (titles regarding the reign of a monarch), it is enough to use the ''s-reg'' template, without any parameters. The resulting header will be '''Regnal titles''' and below it may be placed various monarchical titles a person has held throughout their life, regardless of the country. Note that, although succession lines for titular monarchs are also placed under ''s-reg'', titles in pretence should go under the corresponding header: ''s-pre''.

:::b. Titles that are closely connected with each other, as in cases of long personal unions, the titles may be placed in the same box, separated by a <nowiki><br /></nowiki>. (i.e., the Kingdoms of Castile and León)

:::c. Regnal titles should be placed under their header first in an ascending chronological order (oldest to newest) and, for titles inherited in the same day (or year, if date information is unavailable), in descending order of importance (from the most important to the least important).

====Royalty ([[Template:S-roy|s-roy]])====

:::a. Members of royal families with important hereditary or successive, non-noble titles use the template ''s-roy''. Some of the titles that fall under this category include, but are not limited to:

:::*Consort ([[King consort]], [[Queen consort]], [[Prince consort]], etc.)
:::*Heir to the throne
:::*[[Princess Royal]] (United Kingdom)
:::*Place in the order of succession to a throne

::::''Note: Many royal heirs have not held the titles customary for heirs (like [[Prince of Wales]] for the United Kingdom and [[Prince of Orange]] for the Netherlands), usually because they were [[Heir presumptive|heirs presumptive]] as opposed to [[Heir apparent|heirs apparent]].

:::b. There are headers for the royal families of many nations, and parameters are used to create these specialised headers. For example, <nowiki>{{s-roy|uk}}</nowiki> will produce the header '''British royalty'''. The full list can be found at [[Template:S-roy]].

:::c. If no parameter is given (thus simply writing <nowiki>{{s-roy}}</nowiki>), the resulting header will read '''Royal titles'''.

:::d. The royal titles should be placed under their headers in ascending chronological order; lines of succession, which are not proper titles and for which there are no dates, should occupy the last position(s).

====Peers and noblemen ([[Template:S-reg|s-reg]])====

:::''The terms ''[[peerage|peer]]'' (in the British Isles) and ''[[nobility|nobleman]]'' (in Continental Europe and other countries) are synonymous. Succession boxes should be given only to those whose titles are held by a single person at any given time. [[Courtesy titles]] are not included (as they are not proper titles and are actually part of the substantive peers' titles), and [[life peers]] are likewise excluded (as their titles are not inherited).''

:::a. Peerages and nobility use different parameters to disambiguate between them. The parameters (italicised) and the resulting headers (in bold) are as follows:

:::*''uk'' is for '''Peerage of the United Kingdom''' (after 1801)
:::**''gb'' is for '''Peerage of Great Britain''' (1707–1801)
:::**''en'' is for '''Peerage of England''' (before 1707)
:::**''sct'' is for '''Peerage of Scotland''' (before 1707)
:::**''ie'' is for '''Peerage of Ireland''' (until 1922)
:::*''cm'' is for '''Cambodian nobility'''
:::*''cn'' is for '''Chinese nobility'''
:::*''de'' is for '''German nobility'''
:::*''es'' is for '''Spanish nobility''' (after 1555)
:::*''fr'' is for '''Nobility of France'''
:::*''im'' is for '''Head of State of the Isle of Man'''
:::*''it'' is for '''Nobility of Italy'''
:::*''jp'' is for '''Japanese royalty'''
:::*''nl'' is for '''Dutch nobility'''
:::*''nv'' is for '''Navarrese royalty'''
:::*''pt'' is for '''Portuguese nobility'''
:::*''vn'' is for '''Vietnamese nobility'''
:::*''other'' is for '''Titles of nobility''' (titles of nobility not related to the previous peerages)

:::''Note: There are multiple peerages for the British Isles. Choose the appropriate one for the country or the dates given. If you are unclear, check the title's page to determine the proper peerage or check the appropriate dates on the various national pages.''

:::b. When listed below a peerage or nobility header, the titles should be listed in descending order of seniority, and for titles of the same rank, in ascending order of elevation (title granting).

:::c. Peerages of the British Isles

::::In succession boxes for peerage titles, the format "Earl of Somewhere" is used for the title passed down (in contrast to "The Earl of Somewhere" which is used to refer to people holding the title in question).

::::Also, the predecessor and successor are not written with their title but with their name(s) and surname (it would be pointless to have a succession box naming, e.g. the fourth Duke of Wellington's predecessor and successor as the third and fifth Duke of Wellington respectively). Still, the names must be pipe-linked because their article titles are different.

::::The following is an example of the above:


{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Thomas Willoughby, 1st Baron Middleton|Thomas Willoughby]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Baron Middleton]]|years=1729 – 1758}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Francis Willoughby, 3rd Baron Middleton|Francis Willoughby]]}}
{{end}}


::::There are no disambiguation guidelines for men with the same name preceding and succeeding a person to a peerage, and so we have succession boxes like the following:


{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland|Hugh Percy]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Northumberland]]|years=1786 – 1817}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Hugh Percy, 3rd Duke of Northumberland|Hugh Percy]]}}
{{end}}


::::''[The guidelines on peerage headers have yet to be decided.]''

::::''For more information about titles and their proper forms, see [[WP:PEER|WikiProject Peerage]].''

====Baronets ([[Template:S-reg|s-reg]])====

:::''A ''[[Baronet (noble title)|baronetcy]]'' is a uniquely British honour, which qualifies as upper gentry and ranks between peerage and knighthood but belongs to neither of them. There are five different baronetages, all of which have originated in the British Isles. In order to find what baronetage a specific baronetcy belongs to, see [[List of extant baronetcies]]; if it is dormant, unproven, under review, forfeit, or extinct, you can look it up in [[List of Baronetcies]]. As with peerages, it is necessary to disambiguate between them using the correct parameter.''

:::a. The parameters (italicised) and the resulting headers (in bold) follow in the list below, when entered following the pipe in <nowiki>{{s-reg|}}</nowiki>:

:::*''uk-bt'' is for '''Baronetage of the United Kingdom''' (after 1801)
:::*''ie-bt'' is for '''Baronetage of Ireland''' (before 1801)
:::*''gb-bt'' is for '''Baronetage of Great Britain''' (1707–1801)
:::*''en-bt'' is for '''Baronetage of England''' (before 1707)
:::*''sct-bt'' is for '''Baronetage of Nova Scotia''' (before 1707)

:::b. The predecessors and successors are written with their names and surnames, without any titles. There are no disambiguation guidelines for the occasions when the predecessor's and successor's names are similar; it is understood by the very format of the succession box that they are different people.

:::c. In the ''s-ttl|title='' prompt, the text should state that the person's title is "Baronet" and give the territorial designation "(of Somewhere)", replacing "somewhere" with the place; the word "Baronet" should link to the article for the baronetcy in question. It should follow with the years between which the individual held the baronetcy, as per [[#B. Years and dates|general guidelines]].

:::The following is an example of the above:

{{s-start}}
{{s-new|creation}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Thatcher Baronets|Baronet]]'''<br />(of Scotney)|years='''1991 – 2003}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mark Thatcher]]}}
{{end}}

::::''Note: it is important to remember to add three apostrophes <nowiki>(''')</nowiki> after the word "Baronet", as well as at the beginning of the years field (that is, right before the first year/date), in order to prevent the territorial designation and the dates from appearing in bold. This measure is also necessary for other succession boxes (e.g. those for consorts) that need an explanatory sentence that will not be in bold.''

:::d. Although it is not usual for a person to hold more than a single baronetcy, if one does hold multiple titles their corresponding lines of succession ought to be placed in ascending chronological order (order of granting).

:::''For more information concerning proper forms about baronets, see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Baronetcies|WikiProject Baronetcies]].''

===Distinctions===

:''This category lists titles which were won by people as a result of their proficiency in the arts, sciences, or sports, and are not accompanied by any office or power.''

:''Within each of the following two categories, the titles should be placed in ascending chronological order, unless there is a very important reason one of them should take up the first place. As of December 2007, the SBS have not found any such exception.''

====Awards and achievements ([[Template:S-ach|s-ach]])====

:::a. This header is used for awards, records, and miscellaneous achievements that merit a succession chain. Depending on the specific category, the template may be disambiguated with parameters. The parameters (italicised) and the resulting headers (in bold) follow in the list below, when entered following the pipe in <nowiki>{{s-ach|}}</nowiki>:

:::*''awards'' and ''aw'' are for '''Awards'''
:::*''records'' and ''rec'' are for '''Records'''
:::*''achievements'' and ''ach'' are for '''Achievements'''

:::If no parameter is given (thus simply writing <nowiki>{{s-ach}}</nowiki>), the resulting header will read '''Awards and achievements'''; as too general, it ought to be replaced with the appropriate specific header when possible.

:::b. Awards

::::1. This header is to be used for prestigious awards bestowed upon people for their excellence in various fields merit this header. Fields in which such awards are given include, but are not limited to, the following:

::::*Music (Grammy Awards, MTV Awards, etc.)
::::*Literature and journalism (Nobel Prize, Pulitzer Prizes, etc.)
::::*Science (Copley Medal, Fields Medal, etc.)
::::*Arts (Pritzker Prize, etc.)
::::*Beauty (Miss World, Miss Universe, Mr. Universe, etc.)

::::2. This category does not include awards in sporting events (see ''s-sports''). Honours, decorations, patriotic medals, and scouting awards are also excluded, as they are not successive.

:::c. Records

::::1. These are prestigious records, of mostly but not exclusively sporting nature, including:

::::*Various maritime records:
::::**The Blue Riband
::::**Largest ship in the world
::::*Various engineering records:
::::**Highest building/tower in the world
::::**Various types of longest bridges in the world
::::*Various sports records:
::::**National records
::::**World records
::::**Olympic records

::::2. Simply because a record has been earned does not merit a succession box for that record. Succession boxes for records should ''only'' regard records that are part of a series (for example, not all ''Guinness Book'' records deserve a succession box).

:::d. Achievements

::::''Various important achievements that do not constitute a record.''
<!--This section has not yet reached a satisfactory state of completion; more material will be added in time.-->