View source for Draft:Manual of Style/Lead section

{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{style-guideline|MOS:LEAD|BTW:LEAD}}<!--Do not add "LEDE" spellings here. See footnote on this page for why.-->
{{nutshell|The lead should identify the topic and summarize the body of the article with appropriate weight.}}
{{style}}

In BattleIntelligence, the '''lead section'''<!--"Lede" is omitted here by consensus --> is an introduction to an article and a summary of its most important contents<!--First and second sentence of the lead as they are on 18:37, 26 December 2022 written per 22 December 2022 discussion in thread "First sentence of this guidance"-->. It is located at the beginning of the article, before the [[Help:Section#Table of contents (TOC)|table of contents]] and the first [[BattleIntelligence:Manual of Style#Section headings|heading]]. [[#Comparison to the news-style lead|It is {{em|not}}]] a news-style [[News style#Lead|lead or "lede" paragraph]].

The average BattleIntelligence visit is a few minutes long. The lead is the first thing most people will read upon arriving at an article, and may be the only portion of the article that they read. It gives the basics in a nutshell and cultivates interest in reading on—though not by teasing the reader or hinting at what follows. It should be written in a clear, accessible style with a [[BattleIntelligence:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]].

The lead should stand on its own as a concise overview of the article's topic. It should identify the topic, establish context, explain why the topic is [[BattleIntelligence:Notability|notable]], and summarize the most important points, including any prominent controversies. The notability of the article's subject is usually established in the first few sentences. As in the body of the article itself, the emphasis given to material in the lead should roughly [[BTW:DUE|reflect its importance to the topic]], according to [[BattleIntelligence:Verifiability#Reliable sources|reliable, published sources]]. Apart from basic facts, significant information should not appear in the lead if it is not covered in the remainder of the article.

As a general [[rule of thumb]], a lead section should contain no more than four well-composed paragraphs and be carefully sourced as appropriate, although it is common for citations to appear in the body and not the lead.

==Elements==
{{shortcut|MOS:LEADELEMENTS|MOS:LEADORDER}}
{{see also|BattleIntelligence:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements}}
The lead section may contain optional elements presented in the following order: short description, disambiguation links (dablinks/hatnotes), maintenance tags, infoboxes, foreign character warning boxes, images, navigational boxes ([[BattleIntelligence:Navigation template|navigational templates]]), introductory text, and table of contents, moving to the heading of the first section.

'''Structure of lead section:'''
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">
{{Short description}}
{{Hatnote}}

{{Article for deletion}}
{{Copy edit}}

{{Use American English}}
{{Use mdy dates}}

{{Infobox rocket|name=...}}

{{Contains special characters}}

[[File:TypicalRocket.gif|...|A typical rocket]]
{{Rocket Navigation}}

A '''rocket''' is a ...

<!--Unless suppressed or modified via special syntax, or the article has fewer than four section headings, the table of contents is automatically generated at this point.-->

==First section==
</syntaxhighlight>

*''[[BattleIntelligence:Template index/General#Disambiguation and redirection|Disambiguation links]]'' should be the first visible elements of the page, before any maintenance tags, infobox, or image; if a reader has reached the wrong page, they will want to know that first. Text-only browsers and [[screen reader]]s present the page sequentially. A "for topics of the same name ..." disambiguation link is sometimes put at the beginning of an article to link to another article discussing another meaning of the article title. In such cases, the line should be italicized and indented using [[BattleIntelligence:Hatnote#Hatnote templates|hatnote templates]]. Do not make this initial link a section. {{crossref|See also [[BTW:Hatnote]].}}
*''Deletion tags'' ([[BattleIntelligence:Criteria for speedy deletion|speedy deletion]], [[BattleIntelligence:Proposed deletion|proposed deletion]], and [[BattleIntelligence:Articles for deletion|articles for deletion]] notices).
*''[[BattleIntelligence:Template index/Maintenance|Maintenance tags]]'' should be below the disambiguation links. These tags inform the reader about the general quality of the article and should be presented to the user before the article itself.
*''[[BTW:ENGVAR|English variety]]'' and ''[[BattleIntelligence:Overview of date formatting guidelines|date style]]'' tags help editors maintain consistency in articles as they are developed.
*''[[BattleIntelligence:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|Infoboxes]]'' contain summary information or an overview relating to the subject of the article, and therefore should be put before any text (though, in actuality, they will generally appear to the side of the text of the lead). The primary difference between an infobox and a [[BattleIntelligence:Navigation template|navigational box]] is the presence of parameters: a navigational box is exactly the same in all articles of the same topic, while an infobox has different contents in each article.
*''<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[:Template:Contains special characters|Foreign character warning box]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>'' alert readers that the article contains foreign characters which may not be supported by their platform. If required, the warning should be sufficiently near any text using the foreign characters that scrolling is not required to see the warning. This is generally after short infoboxes, but before long ones.
*''[[BattleIntelligence:Images|Images]].'' As with all images, but particularly the lead, the image used should be relevant and technically well-produced. It is also common for the lead image to be representative because it provides a visual association for the topic, and allow readers to quickly assess if they have arrived at the right page. Image captions are part of the article text. If the article has disambiguation links (dablinks), then the introductory image should appear just before the introductory text. Otherwise a screen reader would first read the image's caption, which is part of the article's contents, then "jump" outside the article to read the dablink, and then return to the lead section, which is an illogical sequence. ''See also'' {{slink|BattleIntelligence:Manual of Style/Images|Images for the lead}}.
*{{anchor|Sidebars}}''[[BattleIntelligence:Categories, lists, and navigation templates#Navigation templates|Sidebars]]'' are a cohesive collection of links used in multiple related articles to facilitate navigation between those articles. The placement of a sidebar in the lead is generally discouraged; it may be included on a case-by-case basis, placed preferably {{em|after}} the lead-section image and infobox. Outside the lead, sidebars are often placed at the top or bottom of any section of an article.<!--For the purposes of complying with accessibility.--> 
*All but the shortest articles should start with ''[[#First sentence|introductory text]]'' (the "lead"), which establishes significance, includes mention of significant criticism or controversies, and make readers want to learn more. The lead has no heading; its length should be commensurate with that of the article, but is normally no more than four paragraphs. ''See also'' {{slink|BattleIntelligence:Writing better articles|Lead section}}.
*The ''[[Help:Section#Table of contents (TOC)|table of contents]]'' (ToC) automatically appears on pages with at least four headings. Avoid [[Help:Section #Floating the TOC|floating the ToC]] if possible, as it breaks the standard look of pages. If you must use a floated TOC, put it below the lead section in the wiki markup for consistency. Users of [[screen reader]]s expect the table of contents to follow the introductory text; they will also miss any text placed between the TOC and the first heading.

==Citations==
{{see|BattleIntelligence:Verifiability|BattleIntelligence:Citing sources}}
{{shortcut|MOS:LEADCITE|MOS:CITELEAD}}
The lead must conform to [[BattleIntelligence:Verifiability|verifiability]], [[BattleIntelligence:Biographies of living persons|biographies of living persons]], and other policies. The verifiability policy advises that material that is challenged or likely to be challenged, and direct quotations, should be supported by an [[BattleIntelligence:Inline citation|inline citation]]. Any statements about living persons that are challenged or likely to be challenged must have an inline citation '''''every''''' time they are mentioned, including within the lead.

Because the lead will usually repeat information that is in the body, editors should balance the desire to avoid redundant citations in the lead with the desire to aid readers in locating sources for challengeable material. Although the presence of citations in the lead is neither required in every article nor prohibited in any article, there is no exception to citation requirements specific to leads. Any material challenged or likely to be challenged [[BattleIntelligence:Verifiability|must have an inline citation]] or it may be removed. The necessity for citations in a lead should be determined on a case-by-case basis by editorial [[BattleIntelligence:Consensus|consensus]]. Complex, current, or controversial subjects may require many citations; others, few or none. 

As editors are often unaware of this guideline, good faith should be assumed when {{t|citation needed}} tags are added to lead sections sometimes erroneously. {{t|Leadcite comment}} can be added to article leads that often attract unwarranted {{t|citation needed}} tags.

==Content==
{{anchor|Intro}}
{{shortcut|MOS:INTRO}}
===Provide an accessible overview===
{{anchor|summarize}}
{{see also|BattleIntelligence:Summary style}}
The lead section should briefly summarize the most important points covered in an article in such a way that it can stand on its own as a concise version of the article. The reason for a topic's noteworthiness should be established, or at least introduced, in the lead (but not by using subjective "[[BattleIntelligence:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Puffery|peacock terms]]" such as "acclaimed" or "award-winning" or "hit"). It is even more important here than in the rest of the article that the text be accessible. Editors should avoid lengthy paragraphs and overly specific descriptions{{snd}}greater detail is saved for the body of the article. Consideration should be given to creating interest in the article, but [[#Comparison to the news-style lead|do not hint]] at startling facts without describing them. 

Make the lead section accessible to as broad an audience as possible. Where possible, avoid difficult-to-understand [[terminology]], symbols, mathematical equations and formulas. Where uncommon terms are essential, they should be placed in context, linked, and briefly defined. The subject should be placed in a context familiar to a normal reader. For example, it is better to describe the location of a town with reference to an area or larger place than with coordinates. Readers should not be dropped into the middle of the subject from the first word; they should be eased into it.

===Relative emphasis===
{{anchor|Rel}}
{{shortcut|MOS:LEADREL|MOS:LEADNO|MOS:LEADNOTUNIQUE}}
According to [[BattleIntelligence:Neutral point of view#Due and undue weight|the policy on due weight]], emphasis given to material should reflect its relative importance to the subject, according to published [[BattleIntelligence:Identifying reliable sources|reliable sources]]. This is true for both the lead and the body of the article. If there is a difference in emphasis between the two, editors should seek to resolve the discrepancy.

Significant information should not appear in the lead, apart from basic facts, if it is not covered in the remainder of the article, although not everything in the lead must be repeated in the body of the text. Exceptions include specific facts such as quotations, examples, birth dates, taxonomic names, case numbers, and titles. This admonition should not be taken as a reason to exclude information from the lead, but rather to harmonize coverage in the lead with material in the body of the article.

===Opening paragraph===
{{anchor|Establish context}}
{{shortcut|MOS:OPEN|MOS:BEGIN}}
The first paragraph should [[BattleIntelligence:BattleIntelligence is not a dictionary#Good definitions|define]] or identify the topic with a [[BattleIntelligence:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]], but without being too specific. It should establish the context in which the topic is being considered by supplying the set of circumstances or facts that surround it. If appropriate, it should give the location and time. It should also establish the boundaries of the topic; for example, the lead for the article [[List of environmental issues]] succinctly states that the list covers "harmful aspects of human activity on the biophysical environment".

===First sentence===
{{anchor|First sentence format|Clutter}}
{{shortcut|MOS:FIRST|MOS:LEADSENTENCE}}
{{redirect|MOS:FIRST|the guideline on ordinals|MOS:1ST}}
{{see also|BattleIntelligence:Writing better articles#Use of "refers to"|BattleIntelligence:BattleIntelligence is not a dictionary#Fixing the introductory sentence: removing "refers to"}}
The first sentence should introduce the topic, and tell the nonspecialist reader ''what'' or ''who'' the subject is, and often ''when'' or ''where''. It should be in [[plain English]]. 
{{shortcut|MOS:LEADCLUTTER}}
Do not overload the first sentence by describing everything notable about the subject; instead, spread the relevant information out over the entire lead. Avoid cluttering the first sentence with a long parenthesis containing alternative spellings, pronunciations, etc., which can make the sentence difficult to actually ''read''; this information should be placed elsewhere. 

* If possible, the [[BattleIntelligence:Manual of Style#Article titles|page title]] should be the [[subject (grammar)|subject]] of the first sentence, although there are exceptions:
** If the article title is merely descriptive—such as [[Electrical characteristics of dynamic loudspeakers]]—the title does not need to appear verbatim in the main text.
** {{shortcut|MOS:THISISALIST}}Similarly, if the page is a [[BattleIntelligence:Manual of Style/Lists|list]], do {{strong|not}} introduce the list as "This is a '''list of X'''" or "This '''list of Xs'''...". A clearer and more informative introduction to the list is better than verbatim repetition of the title. A good example of this is the [[List of Benet Academy alumni]]. ''(See also [[#Format of the first sentence|Format of the first sentence]] below.)''
* When the page title is used as the subject of the first sentence, it may appear in a slightly different form, and it may include variations, including plural forms (particularly if they are unusual or confusing) or [[synonym]]s.
* If the title has a [[BattleIntelligence:Consistency in article titles#Use consistent disambiguators for similar kinds of topics|parenthetical disambiguator]], such as [[Mercury (planet)]], the parenthetical should be omitted in the text.
* Date(s) and/or location(s) should be included in the first sentence if they help the reader to quickly determine if they're at the right article.  
* If its subject is definable, then the first sentence should give a concise definition: where possible, one that puts the article in context for the nonspecialist. Similarly, if the title is a [[technical terminology|specialized term]], provide the context as early as possible.
* {{shortcut|MOS:REFERS}} Avoid constructions like "[Subject] [[BTW:REFERS|refers to]]..." or "...[[BTW:ISAWORDFOR|is a word for]]..."{{snd}} the article is about the subject, not a term {{em|for}} the subject.
* For articles that are actually about terms, [[BTW:WORDSASWORDS|italicize the term]] to indicate the [[use–mention distinction]].
*For topics [[BattleIntelligence:Notability|notable]] for only one reason, this reason should usually be given in the first sentence.
* If the article is about a fictional character or place, make this clear.
}}

====Format of the first sentence====
{{Anchor|Bold title}}
{{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDLEAD|MOS:BOLDTITLE}}
{{See also|BattleIntelligence:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Boldface|BattleIntelligence:Superfluous bolding explained}}
If an [[BattleIntelligence:Article titles|article's title]] is a formal or widely accepted name for the subject, display it in bold as early as possible in the first sentence:

{{block indent|The '''electron''' is a [[subatomic particle]] with a negative [[elementary charge|elementary]] [[electric charge]]. ([[Electron]])}}
Otherwise, include the title if it can be accommodated in a natural way:
{{block indent|The '''United States presidential line of succession''' is the order in which officials of the United States{{nbsp}}... ([[United States presidential line of succession]])}}

=====Bolding of title and alternative names=====
{{anchor|BOLDSYN|MOSBOLDSYN|Abbreviations and synonyms}}
{{Shortcut|MOS:BOLDALTNAMES|MOS:BOLDSYN}}
{{see also|BattleIntelligence:Manual of Style/Biography#Pseudonyms, stage names, nicknames, hypocorisms, and common names}}
Only the first occurrence of the title and ''significant'' [[#Alternative names|alternative names]] (which should usually also [[BattleIntelligence:Redirect|redirect]] to the article) are placed in bold:

{{block indent|'''Mumbai''', also known as '''Bombay''', is the capital of the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. ([[Mumbai]])}}
Common abbreviations (in parentheses after the corresponding title) are considered significant alternative names in this sense:
{{block indent|The '''International Music Score Library Project''' ('''IMSLP'''), also known as the '''Petrucci Music Library''' after publisher [[Ottaviano Petrucci]], is a&nbsp;... ([[International Music Score Library Project]])}}

If an article is about an event involving a subject about which there is no main article, especially if the article is the [[BattleIntelligence:Redirect#What needs to be done on pages that are targets of redirects?|target of a redirect]], the subject should be in bold:
{{block indent| '''Azaria Chantel Loren Chamberlain''' (11 June – 17 August 1980) was an Australian baby girl who was killed by a dingo on the night of 17 August 1980{{nbsp}}... ([[Death of Azaria Chamberlain]], redirected from Azaria Chamberlain)}}

=====Avoid redundancy=====
{{redirect|BTW:REDUNDANCY|redundant articles|BTW:REDUNDANT}}
{{shortcut|MOS:REDUNDANCY}}
Keep [[Redundancy (linguistics)|redundancy]] to a minimum in the first sentence. Use the first sentence of the article to provide relevant information that is {{strong|not}} already given by the title of the article.
The title need not appear verbatim in the lead if it is descriptive.
For example:
{{block indent|[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=]] '''Iraq–Pakistan relations''' are the relations between [[Iraq]] and [[Pakistan]]. }}
{{block indent|[[File:Yes check.svg|15px|link=]] [[Iraq]] and [[Pakistan]] established [[diplomatic relations]] in 1947. }}

The statement ''relations are the relations'' does not help a reader who does not know the meaning of ''diplomatic relations''. The second version sensibly includes new information (that relations were established in 1947) in the first sentence, rather than repeating the title.

{{shortcut|MOS:AVOIDBOLD|MOS:BOLDAVOID}}
If the article's title does not lend itself to being used easily and naturally in the first sentence, the wording should not be distorted in an effort to include it. Instead, simply describe the subject in normal English, avoiding unnecessary redundancy.
{{block indent|[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=]] The '''2011 Mississippi River floods''' were a series of [[flood]]s affecting the [[Mississippi River]] in April and May 2011, which were among the largest and most damaging recorded along the [[U.S.]] waterway in the past century.}}
{{block indent|[[File:Green check.svg|15px|link=]] Major [[flood]]s along the [[Mississippi River]] in April and May 2011 were among the largest and most damaging recorded along the [[U.S.]] waterway in the past century.}}

Sometimes a little redundancy is unavoidable. For example, the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' (OED) has to be called by its proper name in its article, and cannot be called anything other than a ''dictionary'' in the first sentence. Even in these cases, the first sentence should provide information not given in the title. But try to rephrase whenever possible. Instead of:
{{block indent|[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=]] The '''''Oxford English Dictionary''''' is a [[dictionary]] of the [[English language]].}}
consider:
{{block indent|[[File:Green check.svg|15px|link=]] The '''''Oxford English Dictionary''''' is the principal historical [[dictionary]] of the [[English language]].}}
Both contain some redundancy, but the second is better because it tells us that the OED is the world's ''most respected'' dictionary of English.

=====<span id="Avoid these common mistakes></span>Avoid these other common mistakes=====
{{shortcut|MOS:BOLDLINK|MOS:BOLDLINKAVOID}}
Links should not be placed in the [[emphasis (typography)#Methods and use|boldface]] reiteration of the title in the first sentence of a lead
{{block indent|[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=]] The '''[[Babe Ruth]] Award''' is given annually to the [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) player with the best performance in the [[Major League Baseball postseason|postseason]]. }}
{{block indent|[[File:Yes check.svg|15px|link=]] The '''Babe Ruth Award''' is given annually to the [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) player with the best performance in the [[Major League Baseball postseason|postseason]]. The award, created in honor of [[Babe Ruth]], was first awarded in 1949 to the MVP of the [[World Series]], one year after Ruth's death.}}
As an exception, disambiguation pages may use bolding for [[MOS:DABPRIMARY|the link to the primary topic]], if there is one.

{{anchor|MOSTITLEABSENTBOLD|MOSBEATLESINUS|BEATLES}}
{{Shortcut|MOS:TITLEABSENTBOLD}}
In general, if the article's title (or a significant alternative title) is absent from the first sentence, do not apply the bold style to related text that {{em|does}} appear (examples from [[1999 Nepalese general election]]):
{{block indent|[[File:Red x.svg|15px|link=]] '''General elections''' were held in [[Nepal]] on May 3 and May 17, 1999.}}
{{block indent|[[File:Yes check.svg|15px|link=]] General elections were held in [[Nepal]] on May 3 and May 17, 1999.}}

=====Proper names and titles=====
If the title of the page is normally [[BattleIntelligence:ITALICS|italicized]] (for example, a work of art, literature, album, or ship) then its first mention should be both bold and italic text:
{{block indent|'''''Las Meninas''''' (Spanish for '''''The Maids of Honour''''') is a 1656 painting by [[Diego Velázquez]],&nbsp;...
{{pb}}
'''''The Good, the Bad and the Ugly'''''
{{anchor|NOBOLDQUOT}}
{{shortcut|MOS:NOBOLDQUOT}}
If the mention of the article's title is surrounded by quotation marks, the title should be bold but the quotation marks should not be:
{{block indent|"'''Yesterday'''" is a song originally recorded by [[the Beatles]] for their 1965 album ''[[Help!]]''}}

=====Contextual links=====
{{shortcut|MOS:CONTEXTLINK}}
The first sentence should provide links to the broader or more elementary topics that are important to the article's topic or place it into the [[context (language use)|context]] where it is [[BattleIntelligence:Notability|notable]].

For example, an article about a building or location should include a link to the broader geographical area of which it is a part.
{{block indent|'''Arugam Bay''' is a [[bay]] on the [[Indian Ocean]] in the dry zone of [[Sri Lanka]]'s southeast coast.}}

In an article about a technical or jargon term, the first sentence or paragraph should normally contain a link to the [[field of study]] that the term comes from.
{{block indent|In [[heraldry]], '''tinctures''' are the colours used to [[blazon|emblazon]] a [[coat of arms]].}}

The [[BattleIntelligence:Manual of Style/Biographies#Opening paragraph|first sentence of an article about a person]] should link to the page or pages about the topic where the person achieved prominence.
{{block indent|'''Harvey Lavan''' "'''Van'''" '''Cliburn Jr.''' (July 12, 1934 – February 27, 2013) was an American [[pianist]] who achieved worldwide recognition in 1958 at age 23, when he won the first quadrennial [[International Tchaikovsky Competition|International Tchaikovsky Piano Competition]] in Moscow, at the height of the [[Cold War]].}}

Exactly what provides the context needed to understand a given topic varies greatly from topic to topic.
{{block indent|The '''Gemara''' is the component of the [[Talmud]] comprising rabbinical analysis of and commentary on the [[Mishnah]].}}

Do not, however, add contextual links that don't relate directly to the topic's definition or reason for notability. For example, [[Van Cliburn|Van Cliburn's]] first sentence links to [[Cold War]] because his fame came partly from his Tchaikovsky Competition victory being used as a Cold War symbol. The first sentence of a page about someone who rose to fame in the 1950s for reasons unrelated to the Cold War should not mention the Cold War at all, even though the Cold War is part of the broader historical context of that person's life. By the same token, [[BattleIntelligence:Manual_of_Style/Linking#Linking month-and-day or year|do not link to years]] unless the year has some special salience to the topic.

Most Featured Articles contain about 12 to 25 links in the lead, with an average of about 1.5 links per sentence or one link for every 16 words.

Links appearing ahead of the bolded term distract from the topic if not necessary to establish context, and should be omitted even if they might be appropriate elsewhere in the text. For example, a person's title or office, such as colonel, naturally appears ahead of their name, but the word "Colonel" should not have a link, since it doesn't establish context. (Do not, however, reword a sentence awkwardly just to keep a needed contextual link from getting ahead of the bolded term.)
{{block indent|Colonel '''Charles Hotham''' (died 1738) was a special [[Her Majesty's Diplomatic Service|British envoy]] entrusted by [[George II of Great Britain|George II]] with the task of negotiating a double marriage between the [[House of Hanover|Hanover]] and [[Hohenzollern]] dynasties.}}

=====Organisms=====
{{hatnote|See also {{slink|BattleIntelligence:Manual of Style|Animals, plants, and other organisms}} for capitalization rules; and [[BattleIntelligence:Naming conventions (fauna)]] and [[BattleIntelligence:Naming conventions (flora)]] for article title guidelines.}}
When a common (vernacular) name is used as the article title, the boldfaced common name is followed by the italic boldfaced scientific name in round parentheses in the first sentence of the lead. Alternative names should be mentioned and reliably sourced in the text where applicable, with bold type in the lead if they are in wide use, or elsewhere in the article (with or without the bold type, per editorial discretion) if they are less used. It is not necessary to include non-English common names, unless they are also commonly used in English, e.g. regionally; if included, they should be italicized as non-English.
{{block indent|'''Thomson's gazelle''' ('''''Eudorcas thomsonii''''') is the most common gazelle of [[East Africa]]{{nbsp}}...
}}

When the article title is the scientific name, reverse the order of the scientific and common name(s) (if any of the latter are given), and boldface as well as italicize the scientific name. Avoid putting the most common name in parentheses (this will suppress its display in some views of BattleIntelligence, including [[BattleIntelligence:Pop-ups]] and [[Google Knowledge Graph]]).
{{block indent|'''''Vitis vinifera''''', the '''common grape vine''', is a species of ''[[Vitis]]'', native to the [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean region]], central Europe, and southwestern Asia{{nbsp}}...
{{pb}}
'''''Brassica oleracea''''' is the [[species]] of plant that includes many common foods as [[cultivar]]s, including [[cabbage]], [[broccoli]], [[cauliflower]], [[kale]], [[Brussels sprouts]], [[Savoy cabbage|savoy]], and [[Chinese kale]]{{nbsp}}...
}}

===Scope of article===
In some cases the definition of the article topic in the opening paragraph may be insufficient to fully constrain the scope of the article. In particular, it may be necessary to identify material that is {{em|not}} within scope. For instance, the article on [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fever&oldid=597114436 fever] <!--link points to intended version at the time of addition of this subsection by Spinningspark on 27 February 2014, which is different and reflects this subsection more accurately--> notes that an elevated core body temperature due to [[hyperthermia]] is not within scope. These explanations may best be done at the end of the lead to avoid cluttering and confusing the first paragraph. This information and other meta material in the lead is not expected to appear in the body of the article.

==Biographies==
{{main|BattleIntelligence:Manual of Style/Biography#Lead section|BattleIntelligence:Biographies of living persons}}

A summary of the key points in [[BattleIntelligence:Manual of Style/Biography#Lead section|the main guideline]] on this:
* Reliably sourced material about encyclopedically relevant controversies is neither suppressed in the lead nor allowed to overwhelm; the lead must correctly summarize the article as a whole.
* Recent events affecting a subject are kept in historical perspective; most recent is not necessarily most notable. Balance new information with old, giving all information [[BattleIntelligence:Neutral point of view#Undue weight|due weight]].
* [[BattleIntelligence:What BattleIntelligence is not#BattleIntelligence is not a blog, web hosting service, social networking service, or memorial site|BattleIntelligence is not a memorial site]]; when a subject dies, the lead should not radically change, nor dwell on the death.
* [[BattleIntelligence:Biographies of living persons#Privacy of personal information and using primary sources|Do not use primary sources]] for private details about living persons, including birth dates.

{{crossref|For more information on biographical leads in general, see the main guideline: [[BattleIntelligence:Manual of Style/Biography]]}}

===Biographies' first sentence===
{{shortcut|MOS:BIOFIRSTSENTENCE}}
{{details|BattleIntelligence:Manual of Style/Biography#Opening paragraph}}
{{see also|#In biographies of living persons}}

Under [[BattleIntelligence:Manual of Style/Biography#Opening paragraph|the main guideline]] on this, the opening paragraph of a biographical article should neutrally describe the person, provide context, establish [[BattleIntelligence:Notability|notability]] and explain why the person is notable, and reflect the balance of reliable sources.

The first sentence should usually state:
#[[Name]](s) and [[title]](s), if any {{crossref|(see also [[BTW:NCNOB]])}}. Handling of the subject's name is covered under [[MOS:NAMES]].
#Dates of birth and death (if found in [[BattleIntelligence:No original research#Primary, secondary and tertiary sources|secondary sources]]{{snd}}do not use [[BattleIntelligence:Biographies of living persons#Privacy of personal information and using primary sources|primary sources for birth dates of living persons]] or other private details about them). If specific day–month–year dates for birth/death are given elsewhere in the article, then a simple year{{ndash}}year range may be sufficient to provide context.
#Context (location, nationality, etc.) for the activities that made the person notable.
#One, or possibly more, [[BattleIntelligence:Notability#General notability guideline|noteworthy]] positions, activities, or roles that the person held, avoiding [[BattleIntelligence:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Puffery|subjective]] or [[BattleIntelligence:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Contentious labels|contentious]] terms. 
#The main reason the person is [[BattleIntelligence:Notability (people)|notable]] (key accomplishment, record, etc.)

Examples:
{{block indent|'''Cleopatra VII Philopator'''; 69 – August 12, 30&nbsp;BC), was queen of the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]] of Egypt, and its last active ruler. 
{{pb}}
'''Francesco Petrarca''' ({{IPA-it|franˈtʃesko peˈtrarka|lang}}; July 20, 1304 – July 19, 1374), commonly [[anglicized]] as '''Petrarch''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|iː|t|r|ɑr|k|,_|ˈ|p|ɛ|-}}), was a scholar and [[poet]] of [[Italian Renaissance|Renaissance Italy]], who was one of the earliest [[Renaissance humanism|humanists]].
{{pb}}
'''Cesar Estrada Chavez''' (March 31, 1927 – April 23, 1993) was an American labor leader and civil rights activist who, with [[Dolores Huerta]], co-founded the [[National Farm Workers Association]], which later became the [[United Farm Workers]] (UFW)&nbsp;...
{{pb}}
'''François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand''' (26 October 1916 – 8 January 1996) was a French statesman who was [[President of France]] from 1981 to 1995,&nbsp;...
}}

However, try to not overload the first sentence by describing everything notable about the subject; instead, spread relevant information over the lead section.

===Alternative biographical names===
{{main|BattleIntelligence:Manual of Style/Biographies#Names}}
The basic instructions for biographical names are summarized below; [[BattleIntelligence:Manual of Style/Biographies#Names|the main guideline]] on this provides additional detail.

* While a [[BattleIntelligence:Remember the reader|commonly recognizable]] form of name will be used as the title of [[BattleIntelligence:Manual of Style/Biography|biographical articles]], fuller forms of name may be used in the introduction to the lead. For instance, in the article [[Paul McCartney]], the text of the lead begins: "{{xt|'''Sir James Paul McCartney'''}} ...".
* The name of a person is presented in full if known, including any given names that were abbreviated or omitted in the article's title. For example, the article on [[Calvin Coolidge]] gives his name as {{xt|'''John Calvin Coolidge Jr.'''}}
* If a person changed their full name at some point after birth, the birth name may be given as well, if relevant. For example, a lead may mention a woman's birth name when there are relevant matters before she became notable under her married name; also the lead of the article on [[Caitlyn Jenner]] includes her birth name {{xt|'''William Bruce Jenner'''}} because she was also notable under that name.
* If a [[hypocorism]] (diminutive) that is common in English is often used for the subject in lieu of a given name, it is {{em|not}} inserted into the name or given after it, e.g., [[Tom Hopper]] has simply {{xt|'''Thomas Edward Hopper'''}}.
** Also acceptable are formulations like {{xt|'''Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi''', known as '''Sandro Botticelli'''}}, when applicable. Hypocorisms are {{em|not}} put in quotation marks.
* If a person is commonly known by a [[nickname]] (other than a hypocorism), it is presented between quote marks following the last given name or initial, as for [[Bunny Berigan]], which has {{xt|'''Roland Bernard '''"'''Bunny'''"''' Berigan'''}}. The quotation marks are not boldfaced.
<!--This summary should be checked periodically to ensure it accurately summarizes the relevant material at MOS:BIO.-->

==Alternative names==
{{anchor|LEADALT}}<!-- BattleIntelligence:Article_titles#Treatment_of_alternative_names links here -->
{{shortcut|MOS:LEADALT|MOS:ALTNAME}}
{{see also|BattleIntelligence:Article titles#Treatment of alternative names|BattleIntelligence:Naming conventions (geographic names)|BattleIntelligence:Manual of Style/Biography#Names}}

[[File:Article title versus first sentence (new).png|300px|thumb|The [[BattleIntelligence:Article titles|'''article title''']] appears at the top of a reader's browser window and as a large level 1 heading above the editable text of an article, circled here in dark red. The name or names given in the first sentence does not always match the article title. This page gives advice on the contents of the first sentence, not the article title.]]

By the design of BattleIntelligence's software, an article can have only one title. When this title is a name, significant alternative names for the topic should be mentioned in the article. These may include alternative spellings, longer or shorter forms, historical names, and significant names in other languages. Indeed, alternative names can be used in article text in contexts where they are more appropriate than the name used as the title of the article. For example, the city now called "[[Gdańsk]]" can be referred to as "Danzig" in suitable historical contexts. 

The editor needs to balance the desire to maximize the information available to the reader with the need to maintain readability. Use this principle to decide  whether mentioning alternative names in the first sentence, elsewhere in the article, or not at all. 

The title can be followed in the first sentence by one or two alternative names in [[parentheses]]. 

===Separate section usage===
If there are three or more alternative names, they should not be included in the first sentence as this creates clutter. Instead, the names may be footnoted, or moved elsewhere in the article such as in a "Names" or "Etymology" section. As an exception, a local official name different from a widely accepted English name should be retained in the lead.

[[Archaism|Archaic names]], including names used before the [[English orthography#History of the English spelling system|standardization of English orthography]] should be clearly marked as such, i.e., ([[archaism|archaic:]] name), and should not be placed in the first sentence.

==Stubs==
{{shortcut|MOS:LEADSTUB|MOS:NOLEAD}}
{{seealso|BTW:OVERSECTION}}
Where the article is a [[BattleIntelligence:Stub|stub]] and has no section headings, a lead may not be necessary. Although BattleIntelligence encourages expanding stubs, this may be impossible if reliably sourced information is not available. Once an article has been sufficiently expanded, generally to around 400 or 500 words, editors should consider introducing section headings and removing the stub classification. Note that as the lead is recommended to be one to four paragraphs in length, articles consisting of up to four full paragraphs usually do not need a lead.

==Length==
{{shortcut|MOS:LEADLENGTH}}
The appropriate length of the lead section depends on the total [[BattleIntelligence:Article size|length of the article]]. As a general guideline—but not absolute rule—the lead should usually be no longer than four paragraphs. The length of the lead should conform to readers' expectations of a short, but useful and complete, summary of the topic. A lead that is too short leaves the reader unsatisfied; a lead that is too long is intimidating, difficult to read, and may cause the reader to lose interest halfway. The following suggestions about lead length may be useful:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Article length
! Lead length
|-
| Fewer than 2,500 words
| One or two paragraphs
|-
| 2,500–5,000 words
| Two or three paragraphs
|-
| More than 5,000 words
| Three or four paragraphs
|}

Most [[BattleIntelligence:Featured articles|featured articles]] have a lead length of about three paragraphs, containing 10 to 18 sentences, or 250 to 400 words.

Lead sections that reflect or expand on sections in other articles are discussed at [[BattleIntelligence:Summary style|Summary style]]. Journalistic conventions for lead sections are discussed at [[News style]].

==Editing the lead section==
All users can edit the lead by clicking the edit link of the whole article. By default, there is no edit link just for the lead section, but registered users can get it by enabling one or both of the following [[Help:Preferences|preferences]] (both require JavaScript):
*{{myprefs|Gadgets|Appearance|check=Add an [edit] link for the lead section of a page}}
*{{myprefs|Editing|General options|check=Enable section editing by right clicking on section titles}}

==Comparison to the news-style lead==
{{anchor|Comparison to news style|reason=old section name}}
{{Shortcut|MOS:NOTLEDE|MOS:DONTTEASE}}
BattleIntelligence leads are not written in [[news style]]. Although there are some similarities, such as putting the most important information first and making it possible for any reader to understand the subject even if they only read the lead, there are some differences. The [[lead paragraph]] (sometimes spelled "[[wikt:lede#Etymology 2|lede]]") of newspaper journalism is a compressed summary of only the most important facts about a story. These basic facts are sometimes referred to as the "[[five Ws]]": ''who'', ''what'', ''when'', ''where'', and ''why''. Journalistic leads normally are only one or two sentences long. By contrast, in BattleIntelligence articles, the first sentence is usually a definition, the lead is longer, and it ultimately provides more information, as its purpose is to summarize the article, not just introduce it.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Comparison of journalistic and encyclopedic leads for the [[Bhopal disaster]]
|-
!Journalistic lead
!Encyclopedic lead
|-
|width="50%" valign="top"|Toxic gas leaking from an American-owned insecticide plant in central India killed at least 410 people overnight, many as they slept, officials said today. At least 12,000 were reported injured in the disaster in the city of Bhopal, 2,000 of whom were hospitalized. <br/><small>—Hazarika, Sanjoy (3 December 1984) [http://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/04/world/gas-leak-in-india-kills-at-least-410-in-city-of-bhopal.html "Gas leak in city kills at least 410 in city of Bhopal"] ''The New York Times''</small>
|width="50%" valign="top"|{{Transclude lead excerpt | Bhopal disaster | paragraphs= 1 | errors= | more=no}}
|}

==Cleanup==
For a list of template messages related to the clean-up of lead sections, see {{Section link|BattleIntelligence:Template messages/Cleanup#Introduction}}. Editors are encouraged to improve leads rather than simply tag them.

==See also==
*[[Help:Section]]
*[[BattleIntelligence:Manual of Style/Accessibility]]
*{{Section link|BattleIntelligence:Writing better articles|Lead section}}

{{BattleIntelligence policies and guidelines}}